EEPenglishpcv

RECAP__NOTES_SEM_2_EEP_2023_04_29_17_47

READ your mails , please !!

Treaty of Waitangi. Edited by Ian Hugh Kawharu. Oxford: OUP, pp. 64-91] provides a reasonably accurate diagnosis of the situation: while oral transactions may have been more important at hui [meetings] in 1840 it is the written word which has come down to us today. In the workings of
our legal system careful scrutiny of written formulations are paramount.
[E]ach Treaty document has a distinctively different general thrust. The M ̄aori
text predicates a sharing of power and authority in the governance of the country
between Crown and M ̄aori. The English text is about a transfer of power, leaving
the Crown as sovereign and M ̄aori as subjects. Much of the Treaty’s history has
been bedevilled by the fact that M ̄aori and P ̄akeh ̄a have been ‘talking past each
other’.(pp.79–80)
In William’s account, it is the texts that are afforded special status and priority of
interpretation. Either we are talking about two texts in two written languages, or we are talking about a secondary text (e.g., one that outlines principles of the Treaty, that is used in place of or to interpret the “spirit” of the primary texts). In both instances,
interpretation yields to and is realized in another text, e.g., a legal document, statute, or article. The Treaty remains, as McKenzie ([1986] 1999, p. 128) notes, “caught in the mesh of documentary history and juridical process.”

→https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352220656_Making_Sense_of_Indigenous_Colonial_Encounters_New_Zealand's_Treaty_of_Waitangi_in_a_Digital_Age/link/60bf754c299bf1e6b7188c63/download

My notes are in [...]

p. 3.  Why are we concerned with New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi?

According to a recent United Nations report by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat (DESA), New Zealand Maori constitute less than 15% of the population of New Zealand, however account for 50% of the prison population. The unemployment rate for M ̄aori is over twice as high as the national average. The household income of Maori families is only70% of the national average. M ̄aori life expectancy is nearly 10 years lower than that of non-M ̄aori (DESA 2009, pp. 25–26). All of these issues, according to Stavenhagen (cited in DESA, 2009, p. 26), are considered by M ̄aori to be “the result of a trans-generational backlog [retard] of broken promises, economic marginalization, social exclusion and cultural discrimination,”which, ultimately, originated in the Treaty of Waitangi and its history(s). The Treaty continues to play an important role, particularly since the 1980’s vis a vis activity concerning the position and plight [situation désespérée] of indigenous peoples around the world. Perhaps, once, the Treaty was held up as an ideal model and / or example of what good indigenous/ colonial relation could look like. More recently, the Treaty was being used to interrogate the use and value of the United Nations declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (adopted by the UN in Sept. 2007 [see article n. 10/ 46 : Indigenous people shall not be forcibly removed from their lands and territories. No relocation shall take place without the free, prior and informed consent of the indigenous peoples concerned and after agreement on just and fair compensation and, where possible, with the option of return]. NZ alongside other developed nations whose histories are imbricated in British and French colonial activity, has endorsed the declaration.

Non signatories in 2007 but endorsed the Declaration in 2010: Australia, Canada, NZ and the United States : very similar colonial histories , common concerns

→ See McKenzie vs Williams’ approach to the treaty

- p. 2 McKenzie’s study (Donald Francis McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts, Cambridge: CUP, first ed. 1984) is “grounded in orality, literacy studies. Interpreting key documents “ that have emerged from indigenous-colonial encounters”. ( …°

p.7 McKenzie considers that the Treaty should be considered as a partial witness of the encounter between indigenous people and its colonisers. The Treaty should be read as an “ongoing dialogue” and the “spirit” of the text can be rediscovered “through a better understanding of the conditions of orality and literacy”: “That spirit is only recoverable if texts are regarded not simply as verbal constructs but as social products”, p. 127

- p. 6 Williams [David Vernon Williams. 1989. ‘Te Tiriti o Waitangi—Unique relationship between Crown and Tangata Whenua?’. In Waitangi: Maori &Pakeha Perspectives of the

of parchment and 9 papers and we can see that the treaty was signed by both sides: the English side and the Maori side. There are 2 different versions: The English version and a translation in Maori.

→  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements

Focus on the §: History of the treaty

The Treaty of Waitangi was written in English and translated into the Māori language (Te Reo). As some words in the English treaty did not translate directly into the written Māori of the time, this text is not an exact translation of the English text, such as in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty.^[4][5] In the English version, Māori ceded the sovereignty of New Zealand to Britain; Māori gave the Crown the exclusive right to purchase lands they wished to sell, and, in return, Māori were guaranteed full ownership of their lands, forests, fisheries and other possessions and were given the rights of British subjects. However, in the Māori language version of the Treaty, the word 'sovereignty' was translated as kawanatanga ('governance'). And in contradiction to the English language version, Māori retained authority and sovereignty, and did not give this to the Queen.^[3] In addition, the English version guaranteed 'undisturbed possession' of all 'properties', but the Māori version guaranteed tino rangatiratanga ('full authority') over taonga ('treasures').^[1]

Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, signed the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi, known as Te Tiriti o Waitangi.^[6][7] Only 39 signed the English version.^[8]

The different understandings of the content of the treaty led to disagreements between Pākeha and Māori, beginning almost immediately after the signing of the treaty, and contributed to the New Zealand Wars, which culminated in the confiscation of a large part of the Waikato and Taranaki.^[9]

→ https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tiriti-o-waitangi-the-treaty-of-waitangi

The reasons why chiefs signed te tiriti included wanting controls on sales of Māori land to Europeans, and on European settlers. They also wanted to trade with Europeans, and believed the new relationship with Britain would stop fighting between tribes.

Those who did not sign te tiriti were concerned they would lose their independence and power, and wanted to settle their own disputes. Some chiefs never had the opportunity to sign it, as it was not taken to all regions.

Week 10, Answers to the TEST + Conclusions on “From the British Empire to the Commonwealth: The Land Issue”

As we have seen previously ( The Land issue , Wed. 4^th April 2023) I wanted to make a small digression on the importance of digital humanities in cultural preservation.

● What does digital humanities refer to?

Definition:

Oxford dictionary: an academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and methods to traditional disciplines such as literature, history and philosophy (in French: Humanités numériques).

→ What are the advantages of digital humanities over traditional humanities?

- quicker access to info through digital access

- combine different data sources

- develop the skill of hyper reading

-  democratizing primary sources and other types of documents.

→  What are the disadvantages of digital humanities over traditional humanities?

-          online resources distance the researcher / reader from the actual archive, book , artefact

-          Problems linked to methodology. How to use it?

-          copyright limit 

→ Example:  Google’s investment in this field

Digitized books (40 million books in more than 500 languages. see: https://blog.google/products/search/google-books-library-project/#logistics) Google has committed nearly a million dollars to support digital humanities research for 2023-2025. Google’s Digital humanities Research Awards will support 12 university research groups with grants for 1 year (mostly American universities)

Among the examples of primary sources and their digital versions (maps – map of D. Livingstone’s travels, for example- correspondences, official documents : https://livingstoneonline.org/in-his-own-words) I used the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty shows the importance of original documents and their impact on future generations. Thus, we have seen that preserving documents and making them available to anyone via the internet makes sense. 

●  Example of the Treaty of Waitangi:

 It was put into a safe in the Colonial Secretary’s Office in Auckland then transferred to Wellington after it became the capital of New Zealand in 1865. There were attempts to restore it in 1910 but it was not successful. In 1977-78: new restoration. Since 2017, it has been on display at the National Library of NZ in Wellington. As you can see on the digital documents, the treaty consists in 2 sheets

End of page 1 /4

https://uptostream.com/zw0el6uwinwy

Le test d"anglais durera d'environ 1h30. 

Il consistera en 1 partie de rédaction (2 questions de cours au choix)

+

un exercise portant sur des points de grammaire et de vocabulaire acquis ce semestre ( cf "Fill in the gap exercise")

+

1 compréhension orale à partir d'un podcast  d'environ 4 min accompagnée de quelques questions.

Ci-joint un récapitulatif du vocabulaire vu notamment sur le cours portant sur les SIDS ( cf Commonwealth Living Lands Charter)WB_CW_Living_Lands_Charter___Land_issue

To_be_posted_on_blog_Wed